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0 Introduction :
Phonetics, the scientific investigation of sounds used in language is an important branch of linguistics. It looks at how they are made and how they are interpreted by people. Phonetics involves a range of different areas including auditory phonetics which studies the way our brains process sound information, acoustic phonetics which deals with physical properties such as frequency or amplitude, and articulatory phonetics concerned with what happens in our bodies when we produce speech sounds. In short it can be said that phonetics provides us with a deep understanding of human communication by revealing its basic structure.
Definition: Phonetics (ध्वनीशास्त्र)
Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It looks at how these sounds are made, and how they are perceived; including those used in sign languages. In other words it is the science that deals with the physical production, transmission and perception of sounds for communication. Specialists in this field are called phoneticians who take three different approaches to analyzing speech:
Articulatory Phonetics: This branch shows how our vocal organs such as tongue, lips or vocal cords work together when making various sounds.
Acoustic Phonetics: This branch studies physical properties of sound like frequency and amplitude.
Auditory Phonetics: Here we focus on how people hear or understand what others say turning them into meaningful language.
Phonetics does not only consider single sounds but also examines their combinations into syllables, words and sentences. It also involves investigating other aspects such as stress, rhythm or intonation which contribute in expressing different meanings.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
There are 44 International Phonetic Alphabets (IPA)
These alphabets are divided into Vowel and Consonants as shown in the diagram
Vowels 20 (Pure Vowels and Diphthongs):
- Pure Vowels (12): These sounds are produced without any glides.
E.g. : /i/ (as in “beat”), /ʌ/ (as in “but”), and /u/ (as in “boot”) represent pure vowels.
- Diphthongs (08): Unlike pure vowels, while pronouncing diphthongs sound glides from one to another. E.g. : /aɪ/ (as in “pie”) and /ɔɪ/ (as in “coin”).
Consonants (24):
While pronouncing a consonant there is a traction of airflow in the vocal tract. IPA symbols capture this obstruction with details on how and where the airflow is impeded. Here’s a breakdown of some common consonant types:
- Stops: These involve a complete closure of the vocal tract momentarily, followed by a release of air. /p/ (as in “pin”) and /b/ (as in “bin”) are examples.
- Fricatives: Airflow is forced through a narrow channel creating friction. /f/ (as in “fish”) and /v/ (as in “voice”) represent fricatives.
- Affricates: These begin with a complete closure like a stop, followed by a slow release creating friction. /dʒ/ (as in “jump”) is a common example.
- Nasals: Airflow is directed through the nasal cavity, bypassing the blockage in the mouth. /m/ (as in “man”) and /n/ (as in “no”) are nasal consonants.
- Liquids: These involve a brief closure but with some channel remaining open for airflow to create a smooth sound. /l/ (as in “lake”) and /r/ (various pronunciations) are examples.
Phonetics Solutions (Phonetic Transcription) –
1. Went: /wɛnt/
2. Intend: /ɪnˈtɛnd/
3. Send: /sɛnd/
4. Letter: /ˈlɛtə/
5. Cat: /kat/
6. Hand: /hænd/
7. Nap: /næp/
8. Flat: /flæt/
9. Have: /hæv/
10. Fun: /fʌn/
11. Love: /lʌv/
12. Money: /ˈmʌni/
13. One: /wʌn/
14. London: /ˈlʌndən/
15. Come: /kʌm/
16. Put: /pʊt/
17. Look: /lʊk/
18. Should: /ʃʊd/
19. Cook: /kʊk/
20. Book: /bʊk/
21. Look: /lʊk/
22. Rob: /rɒb/
23. Top: /tɒp/
24. Watch: /wɒtʃ/
25. Squat: /skwɒt/
26. Sausage: /ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
27. Alive: /əˈlaɪv/
28. Again: /əˈɡɛn/
29. Mother: /ˈmʌðə/
30. Need: /niːd/
31. Beat: /biːt/
32. Team: /tiːm/
33. Nurse: /nɜːs/
34. Heard: /hɜːd/
35. Third: /θɜːd/
36. Tum: /tʌm/
37. Talk: /tɔːk/
38. Law: /lɔː/
39. Bored: /bɔːd/
40. Yawn: /jɔːn/
41. Jaw: /dʒɔː/
42. Few: /fjuː/
43. Boot: /buːt/
44. Lose: /luːz/
45. Gloomy: /ˈɡluːmi/
46. Fruit: /fruːt/
47. Chew: /tʃuː/
48. Fast: /fæst/
49. Car: /kɑː/
50. Hard: /hɑːd/
51. Bath: /bɑːθ/
52. Near: /nɪə/
53. Ear: /ɪə/
54. Clear: /klɪə/
55. Tear: /tɪə/
56. Beer: /bɪə/
57. Fear: /fɪə/
58. Hair: /hɛə/
59. There: /ðɛə/
60. Care: /kɛə/
61. Stairs: /stɛəz/
62. Pear: /pɛə/
63. Face: /feɪs/
64. Space: /speɪs/
65. Rain: /reɪn/
66. Case: /keɪs/
67. Eight: /eɪt/
68. Joy: /dʒɔɪ/
69. Employ: /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
70. Toy: /tɔɪ/
71. Coil: /kɔɪl/
72. Oyster: /ˈɔɪstə/
73. My: /maɪ/
74. Sight: /saɪt/
75. Pride: /praɪd/
76. Kind: /kaɪnd/
77. Flight: /flaɪt/
78. No: /nəʊ/
79. Don’t: /dəʊnt/
80. Stones: /stəʊnz/
81. Alone: /əˈləʊn/
82. Hole: /həʊl/
83. Mouth: /maʊθ/
84. House: /haʊs/
85. Brown: /braʊn/
86. Cow: /kaʊ/
87. Out: /aʊt/
88. Full: /fʊl/
89. Friday: /ˈfraɪdeɪ/
90. Fish: /fɪʃ/
91. Knife: /naɪf/
92. Vest: /vɛst/
93. Village: /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
94. View: /vjuː/
95. Cave: /keɪv/
96. Thought: /θɔːt/
97. Think: /θɪŋk/
98. Bath: /bæθ/
99. There: /ðɛə/
100. Those: /ðəʊz/
101. Brothers: /ˈbrʌðəz/
102. Others: /ˈʌðəz/
103. Zoo: /zuː/
104. Crazy: /ˈkreɪzi/
105. Lazy: /ˈleɪzi/
106. Zigzag: /ˈzɪɡzæɡ/
107. Nose: /nəʊz/
108. Shirt: /ʃɜːt/
109. Rush: /rʌʃ/
110. Shop: /ʃɒp/
111. Cash: /kæʃ/
112. Television: /ˈtɛlɪvɪʒən/
113. Delusion: /dɪˈluːʒən/
114. Casual: /ˈkæʒjʊəl/
115. High: /haɪ/
116. Help: /hɛlp/
117. Hello: /həˈləʊ/
118. Pin: /pɪn/
119. Cap: /kæp/
120. Purpose: /ˈpɜːpəs/
121. Pause: /pɔːz/
122. Bag: /bæɡ/
123. Bubble: /ˈbʌbəl/
124. Build: /bɪld/
125. Robe: /roʊb/
126. Time: /taɪm/
127. Train: /treɪn/
128. Tow: /toʊ/
129. Late: /leɪt/
130. Door: /dɔː/
131. Day: /deɪ/
132. Drive: /draɪv/
133. Down: /daʊn/
134. Feed: /fiːd/
135. Cash: /kæʃ/
136. Quick: /kwɪk/
137. Cricket: /ˈkrɪkɪt/
138. Sock: /sɒk/
139. Girl: /ɡɜːl/
140. Green: /ɡriːn/
141. Grass: /ɡræs/
142. Flag: /flæɡ/
143. Choose: /tʃuːz/
144. Cheese: /tʃiːz/
145. Church: /tʃɜːtʃ/
146. Watch: /wɒtʃ/
147. Joy: /dʒɔɪ/
148. Juggle: /ˈdʒʌɡəl/
149. Juice: /dʒuːs/
150. Stage: /steɪdʒ/
151. Room: /ruːm/
152. Mother: /ˈmʌðə/
153. Mad: /mæd/
154. More: /mɔːr/
155. Now: /naʊ/
156. Nobody: /ˈnoʊbədi/
157. Knew: /njuː/
158. Turn: /tɜːn/
159. King: /kɪŋ/
160. Thing: /θɪŋ/
161. Song: /sɒŋ/
162. Swimming: /ˈswɪmɪŋ/
163. Road: /roʊd/
164. Roses: /ˈroʊzɪz/
165. River: /ˈrɪvər/
166. Ring: /rɪŋ/
167. Ride: /raɪd/
168. Yellow: /ˈjɛloʊ/
169. Usual: /ˈjuːʒʊəl/
170. Tune: /tuːn/
171. Yesterday: /ˈjɛstərdeɪ/
172. Yard: /jɑːd/
173. Wall: /wɔːl/
174. Walk: /wɔːk/
175. Wine: /waɪn/
176. World: /wɜːld/
177. Law: /lɔː/
178. Lots: /lɒts/
179. Leap: /liːp/
180. Long: /lɒŋ/
181. Pill: /pɪl/
182. Cold: /koʊld/
183. Chill: /tʃɪl/
184. Melt: /mɛlt/
185. Write: /raɪt/
186. Phonetic: /fəˈnɛtɪk/
187. Transcription: /trænˈskrɪpʃən/
188. British: /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/
189. Words: /wɜːdz/
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